Somalia is often described as a “Potemkin state,” a term that refers to a political entity that outwardly presents itself as legitimate, functional, and stable while, in reality, it is ineffective, lacking true governance and control. This concept originates from the historical anecdote of Grigory Potemkin, a Russian statesman who is said to have built deceptive, portable villages to impress Empress Catherine II during her visit to Crimea, creating an illusion of prosperity and order.
In political terminology, a Potemkin state indicates a nation or administrative body that appears to have a structured government, established institutions, and adequate infrastructure, yet lacks the actual ability to wield power, deliver essential services, or maintain societal order.
Characteristics of a Potemkin State:
1. The government is essentially a façade, with institutions that exist in name only without real authority or efficacy.
2. There is a significant lack of genuine control over the nation’s territory and its population, leading to lawlessness or fragmented authority.
3. Many Potemkin states heavily rely on international aid, assistance, or intervention instead of utilizing their own resources to support development and governance.
4. There is often a disproportionate emphasis on showcasing development and stability through propaganda, rather than making tangible progress in addressing the underlying issues affecting the state.
The term “Potemkin state” has been applied to numerous scenarios, particularly in regions engulfed in prolonged conflict, where governments may seem to function but are essentially incapable of exerting actual control or authority. Countries afflicted by weak governance, pervasive corruption, and meager resources have also been categorized as such.
Consequences of a Potemkin State:
The implications of a Potemkin state can be profound and detrimental, including:
A lack of effective governance often leads to heightened instability, which can create an environment of insecurity for the populace.
Limited governance capabilities result in stagnation, hindering socioeconomic development and social progress.
Such states may become overly dependent on foreign nations and international organizations for support, which further dilutes their sovereignty.
The instability and lack of control can create a breeding ground for conflict and violence as factions vie for power.
Somalia and its Relationship with Somaliland:
In the context of Somalia, the situation is particularly concerning. The government of Somalia, led by President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, exhibits characteristics of a Potemkin state, particularly in its actions. On the other hand, the Republic of Somaliland fulfills the four criteria outlined in the Montevideo Convention, which states that a sovereign entity must possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) a government; and (d) the capacity to engage in relations with other states.
On July 1, a date marked by Somaliland as the “Black Day” due to the historical tensions with Somalia, President Mohamud made a speech claiming that his administration was engaging with the Somaliland government in a “peaceful manner.” However, this assertion starkly contrasts with his government’s involvement in the ongoing conflict in the eastern regions of Somaliland, particularly in Sool. Reports suggest that the Somali federal government and China has been supplying military hardware and has engaged with various factions opposed to Somaliland’s statehood.
The actions taken by the Somali government constitute a blatant infringement on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Somaliland. By increasing military support and worsening conflict in these regions, the Somali administration seems to be actively undermining the peace efforts that Somaliland strives to uphold. This behaviour not only emphasises the difficulties Somalia faces as a so-called Potemkin state where the façade of governance is maintained despite underlying instability, but also serves as a distraction from its own urgent internal issues, which the government appears unable to manage effectively.
Independent Political Analyst
Engineer Abdi Ali Barkhad is a Somali Electrical engineer, Consultant, political analyst, and writer known for his in-depth commentary on the politics of the Horn of Africa and international relations. He has published numerous articles analyzing current policies in the region and is a strong advocate for the cause of the Republic of Somaliland. Eng. Barkhad, He is one of the authors of articles specifically platform to the Araweelo News Network.
Engineer Abdi Ali Barkhad Hargeisa Somaliland Contact Email: tra50526@gmail.com 1/7/2025.
The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Araweelo News Network.
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